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Texts

(Please note that for copyright reasons not all texts can be published with translation in TLS.)

Baihutong 白虎通 (White Tiger Hall Discussions)

An extensive +1st cent. imperial encyclopaedia with copious etymological speculations and a systematic account of the administrative system and Han ideology.

Text Label	BHT	Text Reference	白虎通
Traditional Dating	+80	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	TJAN TJOE SOM 1949FF
Input into TLS	Yu Jing	References	Bibliography

Baiyujing 百喻經 (A sutra of one hundred parables)

Buddhist joke collection, compiled in China, dated +493.

Cen Shen 岑參

Sample poems by the Tang dynasty poet Cen Shen 岑參.

Chen Ziang 陳子昂

Sample poems by by the Tang dynasty poet Chen Ziang 陳子昂.

Chuci 楚辭

The second of the two great ancient collections of poetry, originating from the southern state of Chu, and providing precious evidence on early Chinese shamanism as well as the early history of poetic mysticism.

Text Label	CC	Text Reference	楚辭
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -50	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SBBY	TLS Translation based on	HAWKES 1985
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy	References	Bibliography

Chunqiu 春秋 (Annals)

Annals of the state of Lu, traditionally attributed to Confucius as a compiler.

Text Label	CQ	Text Reference	春秋
Traditional Dating	ca. -5th cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	Legge
Input into TLS	Christoph Anderl	References

Chunqiu Guliangzhuan 春秋穀梁傳

See Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳

Daodejing 道德經

The classic of Taoism which is now available in -4th cent., -3rd cent. as well as received text redactions.

Text Label	LAO	Text Reference	道德經
Traditional Dating	4th cent. BC.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SBBY	TLS Translation based on	Karlgren 1975
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy	References	Bibliography

Dasheng Xinxinglun 大乘心行論 (Mahayana Xinxinglun)

Buddhist text from Dunhuang.

Du Fu 杜甫

Sample poems by by the Tang dynasty poet Du Fu 杜甫.

Fahuajing 法華經 (Lotus Sutra, tr. Kumarajiva)

One of the seminal texts of Chinese Buddhism.

Fa jiyao songjing 法集要頌經

Influential poetic primer of Buddhism. (3rd cent. A.D.).

Fajujing 法句經

Extremely readable early translation of a versified basic primer of Buddhism.

Feng Menglong's Xiaofu xu 馮夢龍 笑府序

Introduction to the most important traditional Chinese joke collection by the late Ming scholar and ethnographer.

Guanzi 管子

This is a large classic collection of various essays on social economy and political economy containing works of the -4rd to -1st centuries. It is the first important work in the long tradition of writings on state economics in classical Chinese

Text Label	GUAN	Text Reference	管子
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TAIPEI: COMMERCIAL PRESS, 1993	TLS Translation based on	Rickett, Princeton University Press
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy / Yu Jing	References	Bibliography

Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳 (Guliang Tradition)

Detailed commentary (-3rd to -2nd cent. B.C.) to the Annals of Lu.

Text Label	CQGL	Text Reference	穀梁傳
Traditional Dating	ca. -200 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	MALMQVIST 1972ff
Partial input into TLS	Christoph Anderl	References	Bibliography

Guodian, Xing zi ming chu 郭店 性自命出

A short excavated text of interest for Chinese intellectual history.

Text Label	GD.XZMC	Text Reference	郭店。性自命出
Traditional Dating	-4th cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier, based on Dirk Meier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Guodian, Yucong 1 郭店 語叢一

An excavated text of some importance for the history of abstract philosophising in early China.

Text Label	GD.YUCONG	Text Reference	郭店語叢
Traditional Dating	-4th cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Guodian, Zhongxin zhi dao 郭店 忠信之道

An excavated text of importance for early Chinese intellectual history.

Text Label	GD.ZHONGXIN	Text Reference	郭店.忠信之道
Traditional Dating	-4th cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	Dirk Meier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Guoyu 國語

Sample of historical discourses contemporary with Zuozhuan.

Text Label	GY	Text Reference	國語
Traditional Dating	ca. -400 - -300	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SHANGHAI GUJI CHUBANSHE, 1978 (test selection only)	TLS Translation based on	none
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Hanfeizi 韓非子

This is the most important works on (proto-Machiavellian) political philosophy from ancient China (-3rd). It is also one of the great works of classical Chinese prose literature.

Text Label	HF	Text Reference	韓非子
Traditional Dating	ca. -260 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	Shao Yonghai, based on Zhou Zhongling 1982	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Hanshan Shi 寒山詩 (Han Shan, Poems)

One of China's most popular Buddhist poets.

Hanshiwaizhuan 韓詩外傳

This -2nd cent. work provides narrative commentaries on the SHI (Book of Songs), and constitutes one of the masterpieces of early Han prose literature.

Text Label	HSWZ	Text Reference	韓詩外傳
Traditional Dating	ca. -150 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	LAI YANYUAN 1991	TLS Translation based on	Hightower
Input into TLS	Yu Jing	References	Bibliography

Heguanzi 鶡冠子

Philosophical text of uncertain authorship.

Text Label	HEGUAN	Text Reference	鶡冠子
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	none
TLS Text based on	CONGSHUJICHENG	TLS Translation based on	Wells
Input into TLS	Marnix Wells	References	Bibliography

Heyinyang 合陰陽 (The Union of Yin and Yang, Mawangdui Text)

Sexological text from Mawangdui.

Text Label	HEYINYANG	Text Reference	合陰陽
Traditional Dating	ca. -250 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	DON HARPER 1998	TLS Translation based on	HARPER 1998
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Huainanzi 淮南子

This is the second of the great ancient encyclopaedias, dated -139, and it is famous for its remarkable sections on geography and astronomy as well as political philosophy in the spirit of syncretistic Taoism.

Text Label	HNZ	Text Reference	淮南子
Traditional Dating	-139	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHEN GUANGZHONG 1982, modifications based on ZHANG SHUANGDI 1991.	TLS Translation based on	Wallacker, Ames, LeBlanc, Kraft, Morgan
Input into TLS	Yu Jing; chapters 1,2,6,9,11	References	Bibliography

Huazan 畫贊

Seminal very short text on painting ascribed to the 3rd cent. A.D. poet Cao Zhi 曹植.

Jiaguwenzi Heji 甲骨文字合集 (Guo Moruo et. al. eds., Jiaguwen heji, Oracle Bone Inscriptions)

Ca. 50000 record of early Chines divination of the Shang dynasty.

Text Label	HEJI	Text Reference	甲骨文字合集
Traditional Dating	ca. -1200 - -900	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	Keightley, Takashima, Qiu
Input into TLS	Jens Østergaard Petersen	References

Kongque dongnan fei 孔雀東南飛

Popular narrative ballad.

Kongzijiayu 孔子家語

This +4th century text recounts of much earlier Confucian lore that is otherwise unavailable in the literature.

Text Label	KJ	Text Reference	孔子家語
Traditional Dating	ca. +300 - +400	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TAIBEI: WORLD BOOK COMPANY, 1978	TLS Translation based on	KRAMER 1950
Input into TLS	Yu Jing; chapters 1-10	References	Bibliography

Laozi 老子

See Daodejing 道德經

Li Bai 李白

Sample poems by the Tang Dynasty poet, Li Bai 李白.

Liezi 列子

A +5th century important Taoist compilation containing much earlier material.

Text Label	LIE	Text Reference	列子
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - +500	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	YANG BOJUN 1957	TLS Translation based on	GRAHAM 1960
Input into TLS	Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Liji 禮記

This -4th to -2nd century compilation is the most important of the classical Chinese writings on ritual.

Text Label	LJ	Text Reference	禮記
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	Legge
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy	References	Bibliography

Lienüzhuan 列女傳

A +1st cent. extensive collection of women's biographies.

Text Label	LNZ	Text Reference	列女傳
Traditional Dating	ca. +50 - +100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	O'HARA 1945
Input into TLS	Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Linji lu 臨濟錄

Famous Tang dynasty Zen Buddhist record of sayings by Linji (died A.D. 866).

Li Shimin 李世民

Sample poems by the second emperor of the Tang 唐 dynasty (Taizong 太宗)

Lunheng 論衡

Extensive selections from a massive +1st cent. treatise in a skeptical tradition, one of the most important sources on early Chinese history of science.

Text Label	LH	Text Reference	論衡
Traditional Dating	ca. +50 - +100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	HUANG HUI 1990	TLS Translation based on	Hu Chirui and Michael Nylan
Partial input into TLS	Hu Chirui	References	Bibliography

Lunyu 論語

The Analects of Confucius which are the best source we have on this founder of the Chinese philosophical tradition.

Text Label	LY	Text Reference	論語
Traditional Dating	ca. -450 - -250	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Lüshichunqiu 呂氏春秋

The earliest of the Chinese encyclopaedias (dated 249 B.C.).

Text Label	LS	Text Reference	呂氏春秋
Traditional Dating	239 B.C.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	Knoblock & Riegel
Input into TLS	Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Mengzi 孟子

The extraordinarily well-preserved dialogues involving the second major Confucian philosopher Mencius.

Text Label	MENG	Text Reference	孟子
Traditional Dating	ca. -350 - -300	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	David Sehnal; D.C. Lau
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy / David Sehnal	References	Bibliography

Mojing 墨經 (Mojing, ed. A.C. Graham)

The most important source on ancient Chinese logic and philosophy of language, as well as other branches of science.

Text Label	MOJ	Text Reference	墨經
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	GRAHAM 1978 / Chris Fraser	TLS Translation based on	Graham 1998
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Mozi 墨子

Philosophical classic inspired by an early Confucian dissident, of great interest to the history of logical argumentation in China.

Text Label	MOZI	Text Reference	墨子
Traditional Dating	-4th to -3rd cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	CHANT	TLS Translation based on	Mei Yi Pao
Input into TLS	Jon Dalby	References	Bibliography

Mouzi Lihuo lun 牟子理惑論

A classical discussion of central issues of Buddhism in classical Chinese terms.

Nüjie 女戒, by Ban Zhao 班昭

The first Chinese document (+1st cent) in which one detects a confidently female literary voice.

Text Label	NJ	Text Reference	女戒
Traditional Dating	+1st cent.	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SKQS	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier, based on SWANN 1960
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Qieyun xu 切韻序

Introduction to the earliest, partially extant, Chinese rhyme dictionary of the 7th century.

Qin Keshi 秦刻石

Stelae from the Qin dynasty.

Text Label	STELAE	Text Reference	秦刻石
Traditional Dating	second half -3rd century	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	MARTIN KERN 2000 (test selection only)	TLS Translation based on	Martin Kern, modified by C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Renjing 忍經, by Wu Liang 吳亮

A fascinating anthology of texts relevant to the concept of forbearance. Significantly, the word itself does not in occur in many of the episodes anthologised.

Shangjunshu 商君書

A classic of "legalist" realist philosophy concerned with state economy and the philosophy of political control.

Text Label	SHANG	Text Reference	商君書
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TAIBEI: COMMERCIAL PRESS, 1988	TLS Translation based on	Duyvendak
Input into TLS	Ivo Spira	References	Bibliography

Shangshu 尚書 (Shujing)

The classical work of historical documents (-9th cent. onwards) which remained a crucial focus of reference in pre-modern times.

Text Label	SHU	Text Reference	尚書
Traditional Dating	ca. -800 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	Karlgren
Input into TLS	Christian Linder	References	Bibliography

Shanhaijing 山海經

This is the famous -3rd century classic of imaginary geography, one of the few classical Chinese texts that have made it into the Penguin Classics series.

Text Label	SHJ	Text Reference	山海經
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	YUAN KE 1993	TLS Translation based on	Anne Birrell
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Shen Dao 慎到

This is a collection of fragments of political philosophy in the "legalist" tradition.

Text Label	SHENDAO	Text Reference	慎到
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	THOMPSON 1979	TLS Translation based on	P. Thompson
Input into TLS	Marnix Wells	References

Shijing daxu 詩經大序

Influential introduction to the poetry of the Book of Songs.

Shishuo xinyu 世說新語

Important collection of often humorous dialogues (early 5th century).

Shiji 史記

The first of the crucial 25 dynastic histories of China (-1st cent), an historical encyclopaedia, and one most important classical Chinese works of prose literature.

Text Label	SJ	Text Reference	史記
Traditional Dating	ca. -100 - +30	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	ZHONGHUASHUJU	TLS Translation based on	Watson
Input into TLS	Christoph Anderl, Christian Linder, Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Shijing 詩經

The classical collection of ancient songs (-9th to -6th cent) famously translated by Ezra Pound, who worked on the basis of literal translations by Bernhard Karlgren.

Text Label	SHI	Text Reference	詩經
Traditional Dating	ca. -900 - -600	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	Karlgren, BMFEA
Input into TLS	Christian Linder	References	Bibliography

Shipin 詩品, by Sīkōng Tú 司空圖

A classic of classificatory classical Chinese poetic poetics.

Shuihudi 睡虎地 (Excavated texts from Shuihudi)

Excavated legal text from the Qin dynasty.

Text Label	SHUIHUDI	Text Reference	睡虎地
Traditional Dating	ca. -250 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	WENWU 2001 (test selection only)	TLS Translation based on	HULSEWE
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Shuowen jiezi xu 説文解字序

Postface to the most important dictionary of Chinese characters.

Text Label	SHUOWEN XU	Text Reference	説文解字序
Traditional Dating	+100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SKQS	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas

Sample from the classical Chinese translation of the work by Thomas Aquinas.

Sun Bin 孫臏

Selected passages from excavated military text of the late Warring States period.

Text Label	SB	Text Reference	孫臏
Traditional Dating	ca. -300	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	D.C. LAU AND R. AMES 1996 (selected text passages only)	TLS Translation based on	LAU AND AMES 1996
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Sunzi 孫子

Samples from the famous military classic.

Text Label	SUN	Text Reference	孫子
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TAIBEI: COMMERCIAL PRESS, 1999 (selected passages only)	TLS Translation based on	Ralph D. Sawyer
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Suwen 素問

Samples from China's oldest medical classic, the Yellow Emperor Inner Classic.

Text Label	SUWEN	Text Reference	素問
Traditional Dating	ca. -200 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	ROCHAT 1993	TLS Translation by	C. Harbsmeier
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Tanjing 壇經, by Hui Neng 慧能

The most important classic of Chinese Zen, or Chán.

Tao Yuanming shi 陶淵明詩 (Tao Yuanming, Poems)

The collected works by the great +5th cent. poet.

Text Label	TYM	Text Reference	陶淵明詩
Traditional Dating	ca. -200 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	N/A	TLS Translation based on	Hightower
Input into TLS	Olga Lomova	References

Wang Ji 王績

Sample poems by the Tang poet Wang Ji 王績.

Wenzi 文子

Samples from the Taoist classic.

Text Label	WEN	Text Reference	文子
Traditional Dating	ca. -250 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	N/A (test selection only)	TLS Translation based on	none
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Wuxingpian 五行篇

A -3rd cent. excavated treatise on the Five Elements or Five Phases which were crucial in Chinese correlative thinking.

Text Label	WXP	Text Reference	五行篇
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	PANG PU	TLS Translation based on	Pang Pu et al.
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Xianyujing 賢愚經 (Sutra of talent and stupidity)

Important collection of often humorous edifying Buddhist tales.

Xiaojing 孝經

The classical treatise on the culturally all-important virtue of filial piety.

Text Label	XJ	Text Reference	孝經
Traditional Dating	ca. -200 - -100	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	L. Zádrapa
Input into TLS	Lukáš Zádrapa	References	Bibliography

Xiaolin 笑林

The earliest surviving Chinese joke collection.

Xici 繫辭 (Yijing)

The -3rd cent. treatise on the theories of the I Ching, the Book of Changes.

Text Label	XC	Text Reference	繫辭
Traditional Dating	ca. -250 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	[Lynn, Columbia Unversity Press]
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References

Xinlun 新論 (Huan Tan, Xinlun)

+1st cent. fragments mainly on political philosophy.

Text Label	XINLUN	Text Reference	新論
Traditional Dating	ca. -60 - 0	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	ZHANG PEIHENG	TLS Translation based on	Pokora, Michigan University Press
Input into TLS	Yu Jing	References	Bibliography

Xunzi 荀子

A collection of systematising Confucian writings by the third of the great Confucians of the ancient period, Xunzi, who is often described as the Aristotle of ancient China.

Text Label	XUN	Text Reference	荀子
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	LI TIAOSHENG 1981	TLS Translation based on	Knoblock and Riegel
Input into TLS	Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Yantielun 鹽鐵論 (1-19)

The Salt and Iron Discourses (+1st cent) are the most important detailed and extensive evidence we have on public political debate on matters of economic and fiscal policy. We have entered an early translation into English, but in fact there is a profusely annotated Russian version (by Iurij Krol') which is much superior.

Text Label	YTL	Text Reference	鹽鐵論
Traditional Dating	ca. -100 - -20	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TIANJIN GUJI, 1993	TLS Translation based on	GALE 1931
Input into TLS	Yu Jing	References	Bibliography

Yanzi Chunqiu 晏子春秋

A collection of moralistic tales from late Warring States.

Text Label	YAN	Text Reference	晏子春秋
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -200	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	TAIBEI: DINGWENSHUJU, 1977	TLS Translation based on	none
Input into TLS	C. Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Zhanguoce 戰國策

The Strategies of the Warring States (compiled -1st cent) is a uniquely readable anthology of much earlier edifying historical tales.

Text Label	ZGC	Text Reference	戰國策
Traditional Dating	ca. -300 - -30	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SHANGHAI GUJI CHUBANSHE, 1978	TLS Translation based on	Crump, Oxford University Press
Input into TLS	Yu Jing / Ingeborg Harbsmeier	References	Bibliography

Zhongjing 忠經

Zhuangzi 莊子

Perhaps the greatest work of Chinese prose literature (-4th to -3rd), written in the spirit of Taoist philosophy.

Text Label	ZHUANG	Text Reference	莊子
Traditional Dating	ca. -400 - -230	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	GUO QINGFAN 1961	TLS Translation based on	[Watson 1969]
Input into TLS	Tone Sandøy	References	Bibliography

Zhuzi yulei 朱子語類, Books 10 and 11

The most important collection of Chinese philological and philosophical table talk.

Zuozhuan 左傳

The Zuo Commentary, the most extensive ancient Chinese book, and again one of the greatest works of ancient Chinese prose literature.

Text Label	ZUO	Text Reference	左傳
Traditional Dating	ca. -400 - -300	Brooks Dating	Warring States Project
TLS Text based on	SSJZS	TLS Translation based on	Legge
Input into TLS	Wiebke Denecke	References	Bibliography

Zutangji 祖堂集

Collection of Zen Buddhist biograophy and one of the most important documents of early colloqiual Chinese.

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